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Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt
Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt was a German front-line fortification, west of the village of Beaumont Hamel on the Somme. Since the end of the Battle of Albert in 1914 the Germans had begun building fortifications along the Western Front, which were elaborated several times before the Battle of the Somme as French and British attacks became more formidable. During the Second Battle of Artois in early 1915, a supporting attack was conducted by the French XI Corps from Hébuterne to Serre, which advanced the front line on a front and left a German salient the ドイツ語:''Heidenkopf'' (the Quadrilateral), north of the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt. Mine warfare had begun on the Somme front soon after September 1914 and was continued by the British when they took over the area in mid-1915.
British troops continued the mine warfare begun in 1914 and an attack was made on the area by the 29th Division of VIII Corps on 1 July 1916, the First day on the Somme. The attack failed, despite the detonation of a huge mine under the redoubt, which was blamed on the corps commander Lieutenant-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, who ordered the mine to be sprung ten minutes before zero hour. (The cinematographer G. H. Malins filmed the detonation of the mine under the redoubt at on 1 July 1916, during the opening of the Battle of Albert 1916.) The Hawthorn Ridge mine was part of a series of eight large and eleven small mines that were detonated by the British on the First day on the Somme.〔 (Battle of the Somme - 1916 ), BBC History, accessed 7 July 2015.〕
A second attack on 13 November, by the 51st (Highland) Division during the Battle of the Ancre succeeded, after British engineers reopened the gallery dug before 1 July and reloaded the mine.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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